Programs Tracked
33
Country-level profiles
Global Registry
Central Bank Digital Currency Programs
CBDC Registry tracks sovereign digital currency programs using source-linked records, confidence labels, and verification dates.
Live
4
Publicly launched
Pilot / Sandbox
18
Controlled testing
Research
6
Concept and feasibility
Data last verified:
Reference Answers
Audited snapshot answers for the highest-value global CBDC questions.
Which countries have live retail CBDCs in the registry?
medium confidenceAs of 2026-04-21The current registry snapshot lists four live retail CBDCs: the Bahamas Sand Dollar, Nigeria eNaira, Jamaica JAM-DEX, and Cambodia Bakong.
- Live status is assigned in the registry dataset after source review.
- The four live programmes are Bahamas Sand Dollar, Nigeria eNaira, Jamaica JAM-DEX, and Cambodia Bakong.
- The answer is derived from the audited registry snapshot last updated during the coverage and source-integrity sprint.
Citations
- CBDC Registry programs dataset snapshotinternal · INTERNAL
Derived from data/cbdc-programs.json live-status entries on 2026-04-21.
- Bahamas Sand Dollar official source setcentral bank · T1
- eNaira | Central Bank of Nigeriacentral bank · T1
Caveats
- This answer reflects the registry snapshot rather than an external ranking of every digital payment system worldwide.
What are the active CBDC programmes worldwide in this registry?
medium confidenceAs of 2026-06-04For registry purposes, active programmes are the entries in live, pilot, or sandbox status. That includes the four live programmes, active pilots such as the e-CNY, Drex, e-HKD, e-Rupee, Digital Won, Digital Dirham, Project Orchid, Project Helvetia, Digital Baht, and e-Cedi, plus Macau e-MOP as controlled sandbox testing.
- Active in this product means live, pilot, or sandbox status.
- Macau e-MOP is included because controlled whitelist sandbox testing is now tracked separately from planned.
- Planned, research, discontinued, and none statuses are intentionally excluded.
- The answer routes readers toward the status-filter pages rather than duplicating the entire directory listing in prose.
Citations
- CBDC Registry programs dataset snapshotinternal · INTERNAL
Derived from data/cbdc-programs.json live, pilot, and sandbox status entries on 2026-06-04.
- China to enhance digital yuan management with deposit features starting 2026government · T12025-12-29
- CBUAE Publishes Comprehensive Report on Progress Made Towards Issuing the "Digital Dirham"central bank · T12025-07-31
- e-MOP moves to sandbox testing with whitelist users as 2027 launch target holds - Macau Daily Timesnews · T22026-06-02
Used only for the controlled sandbox-testing signal; official AMCM materials remain the T1 source for e-MOP design and roadmap context.
Open Questions
- This answer should be updated if the status taxonomy changes or new pilot/sandbox programmes are added.
- Macau e-MOP should be rechecked against official AMCM materials when AMCM publishes a dedicated sandbox-testing notice.
Caveats
- Macau e-MOP is counted as active only in the controlled sandbox sense and remains medium confidence pending a dedicated official AMCM sandbox notice.
Which CBDC programmes are planned but not yet piloting?
medium confidenceAs of 2026-06-04The current planned set is the EU Digital Euro. Macau e-MOP has moved out of planned into sandbox tracking after current AMCM-attributed reporting described whitelist sandbox testing.
- Planned is distinct from research and pilot in the current status taxonomy.
- The EU Digital Euro moved into planned because the ECB published a pilot roadmap.
- Macau e-MOP moved from planned to sandbox because current AMCM-attributed reporting says whitelist sandbox testing has started.
Citations
- CBDC Registry programs dataset snapshotinternal · INTERNAL
Derived from the planned-status entries in data/cbdc-programs.json.
- e-MOP moves to sandbox testing with whitelist users as 2027 launch target holds - Macau Daily Timesnews · T22026-06-02
Used only for the current sandbox-transition signal; official AMCM white paper remains the T1 source for design and roadmap context.
Open Questions
- Macau e-MOP should be rechecked against official AMCM materials when AMCM publishes a dedicated sandbox-testing notice.
Caveats
- Planned status does not imply that issuance is legally authorized or guaranteed.
Which CBDC programmes have official public metrics in the registry?
medium confidenceAs of 2026-04-21The registry currently records official public metrics for programmes such as the Bahamas Sand Dollar, Nigeria eNaira, Jamaica JAM-DEX, Cambodia Bakong, China e-CNY, India e-Rupee, Japan Digital Yen, Russia Digital Ruble, South Korea Digital Won, and Kazakhstan Digital Tenge.
- Integrated metrics are stored in the `metrics` field of the core programme dataset.
- The answer is meant to guide readers toward programmes with auditable wallet, user, merchant, circulation, or transaction figures already surfaced on the site.
- The list should grow as verify-tier refreshes convert more official metrics into integrated records.
Citations
- CBDC Registry programs dataset snapshotinternal · INTERNAL
Derived from programmes with a populated metrics object in data/cbdc-programs.json.
- China to enhance digital yuan management with deposit features starting 2026government · T12025-12-29
- Digital ruble today and tomorrow: Bank of Russia’s report on pilot testingcentral bank · T12025-06-30
Open Questions
- Some programmes may have official figures in reports that are not yet integrated into the registry metrics field.
Caveats
- This is not a claim that other programmes have never published metrics; it only states what the registry currently surfaces as integrated official metrics.
Global Status Overview
Distribution of 33 tracked programs by development phase.
| Status | Count | Share |
|---|---|---|
| Live | 4 | 12% |
| Pilot | 17 | 52% |
| Sandbox | 1 | 3% |
| Research | 6 | 18% |
| Discontinued | 2 | 6% |
| Planned | 1 | 3% |
| None / Prohibited | 2 | 6% |
Programs by Region
Geographic distribution of CBDC programs across six global regions.
Capabilities Coverage
Which programs support each technical feature. Click a column header to sort.
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Sorted by development status by default. Click any capability column to re-sort.
Technology & Architecture
How CBDC programs are built and distributed.
Technology Base
CBDC Type
Architecture
32 / 33
programs use two-tier distribution
Cross-Border Network
Active multi-CBDC projects coordinating across jurisdictions.
mBridge
Active5
participant programs
- LeaderChina e-CNY (Digital Yuan)
- ParticipantHong Kong e-HKD (Digital Hong Kong Dollar)
- ParticipantThailand Digital Thai Baht
- ParticipantUAE Digital Dirham (e-AED)
- ParticipantSaudi Arabia Digital Riyal
Project Agorá
Active5
participant programs
- ParticipantUnited States CBDC (Prohibited)
- ParticipantSingapore Digital SGD (Project Orchid)
- ParticipantCanada Digital Canadian Dollar
- ParticipantSwitzerland Wholesale Digital Franc (Project Helvetia)
- ParticipantMexico MDBC (Moneda Digital del Banco Central)
Project Guardian
Active1
participant program
Project Jura
Active1
participant program
CBDC Program Profiles
Top programs by development activity. Source-linked with confidence labels and verification dates.
LiveSupportive
Bahamas Sand Dollar
🏛Central Bank of The Bahamas
Retail👛
133Kwallets
✓
highconfidence
📴
Updated Jun 2026View Details→
LiveSupportive
Nigeria eNaira
🏛Central Bank of Nigeria
Retail👛
197Kwallets
✓
highconfidence
Updated Jun 2026View Details→
LiveSupportive
Jamaica JAM-DEX (Jamaica Digital Exchange)
🏛Bank of Jamaica
Retail👛
305Kwallets
✓
highconfidence
📴
Updated Jun 2026View Details→
LiveSupportive
Cambodia Bakong (Digital Payment System)
🏛National Bank of Cambodia
Retail👛
10Mwallets
💰
$153Bannual
✓
mediumconfidence
🌐
Updated Jun 2026View Details→
PilotSupportive
China e-CNY (Digital Yuan)
🏛People's Bank of China
Wholesale👛
230Mwallets
💰
$2.3Tannual
✓
highconfidence
👑mBridge(leader)
📴⚙️🌐
Updated Apr 2026View Details→
PilotSupportive
Hong Kong e-HKD (Digital Hong Kong Dollar)
🏛Hong Kong Monetary Authority
Retail🤝mBridge(participant)
📴⚙️🌐
Updated Apr 2026View Details→
Methodology
CBDC Registry organizes central bank disclosures and official publications.
Source Hierarchy
Program claims are linked to central bank publications and related institutional reports.
Confidence Labels
Entries are marked as high, medium, or low confidence based on source quality and directness.
Verification Dates
Each profile includes last_verified and timestamp metadata for update tracking.
Archive References
Archived links are captured when available to preserve access continuity.